American Academy of Periodontology Journal of Periodontology Online
Welcome Guest
Sign in | Register
 
Abstract
July 2007, Vol. 78, No. 7, Pages 1218-1228 , DOI 10.1902/jop.2007.060269
(doi:10.1902/jop.2007.060269)

The Long-Term Effect of a Mouthrinse Containing Essential Oils on Dental Plaque and Gingivitis: A Systematic Review

Judith E. Stoeken,* Spiros Paraskevas,* and Godefridus A. van der Weijden*

*Department of Periodontology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Correspondence: Dr. G.A. van der Weijden, Department of Periodontology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam, Louwesweg 1, 1066 EA Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Fax: 31-20-51-88-512; e-mail: .

Background: The purpose of this study was to review the literature on the effects of a mouthrinse containing essential oils (EO) on plaque and parameters of gingival inflammation.

Methods: The MEDLINE and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched up to and including December 2006 to identify appropriate studies. The primary outcome measure was gingivitis. Secondary parameters were plaque and, when reported, staining.

Results: Independent screening of titles and abstracts of 566 papers resulted in 11 publications that met the criteria of eligibility. In all studies, EO was used as an adjunct to regular daily toothbrushing. A statistically significant reduction in overall gingivitis was noted compared to the control (weighted mean difference [WMD]: −0.32, 95% confidence interval [CI]: −0.46 to −0.19, P <0.00001; test for heterogeneity: P <0.00001, I2 = 96.7%). For interproximal sites the use of the test mouthrinse resulted in significantly more gingivitis reduction compared to control mouthrinse (WMD: −0.29, 95% CI: −0.48 to −0.11, P = 0.002; test for heterogeneity: P <0.00001, I2 = 95.18%), whereas no differences were observed compared to dental floss. With respect to plaque scores, EO produced significant overall reductions in plaque (WMD: −0.83, 95% CI: −1.13 to −0.53, P <0.00001; test for heterogeneity: P <0.00001, I2 = 96.1%). Separate analysis for interproximal areas revealed that EO resulted in more pronounced plaque drops compared to the control mouthrinse (WMD: −1.02, 95% CI: −1.44 to −0.60, P <0.00001; test for heterogeneity: P <0.00001, I2 = 96.1%) or the use of floss (WMD: −0.75, 95% CI: −1.15 to −0.363, P <0.0002; test for heterogeneity: P <0.0002, I2 = 93.0%). Most studies agreed that EO did not produce more staining than the control products.

Conclusion: When used as an adjunct to unsupervised oral hygiene, EO provides an additional benefit with regard to plaque and gingivitis reduction as compared to a placebo or control.

KEYWORDS: Essential oils, gingivitis, mouthrinse, plaque, systematic review

Cited by

, , and . (2016) Dental plaque bacteria with reduced susceptibility to chlorhexidine are multidrug resistant. BMC Microbiology 16:1.
Online publication date: 15-Sep-2016.
CrossRef
, , , , , and . (2016) Efficacy of adjunctive anti-plaque chemical agents: a systematic review and network meta-analyses of the Turesky modification of the Quigley and Hein plaque index. Journal of Clinical Periodontology.
Online publication date: 10-Oct-2016.
CrossRef
, , , , and . (2016) Essential oils-containing mouthwashes for gingivitis and plaque: Meta-analyses and meta-regression. Journal of Dentistry.
Online publication date: 1-Sep-2016.
CrossRef
, , , , and . (2016) In vitro Effect of Mouthrinse Containing Essential Oils on Proliferation and Migration of Gingival Epithelial Cells. Phytotherapy Research 30:7, 1113-1118.
Online publication date: 5-Apr-2016.
CrossRef
and . (2016) Improving periodontal outcomes: merging clinical and behavioral science. Periodontology 2000 71:1, 65-81.
Online publication date: 4-Apr-2016.
CrossRef
, , , and . (2016) In vitro antibacterial activity and major bioactive components of Cinnamomum verum essential oils against cariogenic bacteria, Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 6:4, 308-314.
Online publication date: 1-Apr-2016.
CrossRef
, , and . (2016) Listerine® Products: An Update on the Efficacy and Safety. Phytotherapy Research 30:3, 367-373.
Online publication date: 12-Jan-2016.
CrossRef
, , , , , , , , , and . (2016) Effectiveness of an alcohol-free essential oil-containing mouthwash in institutionalised elders receiving long-term care: a feasibility study. Gerodontology 33:1, 69-78.
Online publication date: 4-Mar-2014.
CrossRef
and . (2016) Effectiveness of Azadirachta indica (neem) mouthrinse in plaque and gingivitis control: a systematic review. International Journal of Dental Hygiene, n/a-n/a.
Online publication date: 15-Feb-2016.
CrossRef
, , , , and . (2016) Effectiveness of Oral Health Education Program on Prevention of Periodontal Disease in Japanese Pregnant Women. Open Journal of Nursing 06:04, 282-293.
Online publication date: 1-Jan-2016.
CrossRef
and . 2016. Mechanical and Chemotherapeutic Home Oral Hygiene. McDonald and Avery's Dentistry for the Child and Adolescent, 120-137.
CrossRef
, , , , , and . (2015) Synergy of brushing mode and antibacterial use on in vivo biofilm formation. Journal of Dentistry 43:12, 1580-1586.
Online publication date: 1-Dec-2015.
CrossRef
, , , , , and . (2015) Efficacy of cleansing agents in killing microorganisms in mixed species biofilms present on silicone facial prostheses—an in vitro study. Clinical Oral Investigations 19:9, 2285-2293.
Online publication date: 7-Apr-2015.
CrossRef
. (2015) Authors’ response. The Journal of the American Dental Association 146:11, 796-797.
Online publication date: 1-Nov-2015.
CrossRef
and . (2015) Citing the literature. The Journal of the American Dental Association 146:11, 796.
Online publication date: 1-Nov-2015.
CrossRef
, , and . (2015) Can Chemical Mouthwash Agents Achieve Plaque/Gingivitis Control?. Dental Clinics of North America 59:4, 799-829.
Online publication date: 1-Oct-2015.
CrossRef
, , and . (2015) Impact of three different mouthwashes on the incidence of gingival overgrowth induced by cyclosporine-A: a randomized controlled experimental animal study. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology 120:3, 346-356.
Online publication date: 1-Sep-2015.
CrossRef
, , , , , and . (2015) Evaluation of a hydrophobic gel adhering to the gingiva in comparison with a standard water-soluble 1% chlorhexidine gel after scaling and root planing in patients with moderate chronic periodontitis. A randomized clinical trial. International Journal of Dental Hygiene, n/a-n/a.
Online publication date: 5-Jun-2015.
CrossRef
, , , , , , and . (2015) Clinical, Microbial, and Immune Responses Observed in Patients With Diabetes After Treatment for Gingivitis: A Three-Month Randomized Clinical Trial. Journal of Periodontology 86:4, 516-526.
Online publication date: 1-Apr-2015.
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (525 KB) | PDF Plus (544 KB) 
, , , and . (2015) In vivo biofilm formation on stainless steel bonded retainers during different oral health-care regimens. International Journal of Oral Science 7:1, 42-48.
Online publication date: 9-Jan-2015.
CrossRef
, , and . (2015) In situ antimicrobial activity on oral biofilm: essential oils vs. 0.2 % chlorhexidine. Clinical Oral Investigations 19:1, 97-107.
Online publication date: 1-Apr-2014.
CrossRef
. (2015) Potentiality of Periodontal Pharmacotherapy. Nihon Shishubyo Gakkai Kaishi (Journal of the Japanese Society of Periodontology) 56:4, 367-374.
Online publication date: 1-Jan-2015.
CrossRef
, , , and . (2014) Efficacy of adjunctive chemical plaque control in managing gingivitis. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, n/a-n/a.
Online publication date: 1-Dec-2014.
CrossRef
, , , , , , , and . (2014) Ameliorating effects of Juzentaihoto on restraint stress and P. gingivalis-induced alveolar bone loss. Archives of Oral Biology 59:11, 1130-1138.
Online publication date: 1-Nov-2014.
CrossRef
, and . (2014) Peri-implant therapy for the dental hygienist Susan S. Wingrove. 2013, Wiley-Blackwell. 196 pages, soft cover. ISBN 978-0-470-96285-5.. International Journal of Dental Hygiene 12:3, 235-236.
Online publication date: 21-May-2014.
CrossRef
, and . (2014) The effect of an essential-oils mouthrinse as compared to a vehicle solution on plaque and gingival inflammation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Dental Hygiene 12:3, 160-167.
Online publication date: 10-Apr-2014.
CrossRef
and . (2014) The effect of a dentifrice containing Magnolia extract on established plaque and gingivitis in man: a six-month clinical study. International Journal of Dental Hygiene 12:2, 96-102.
Online publication date: 23-Aug-2013.
CrossRef
. (2014) Diseases of the Mouth. Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice 41:1, 75-90.
Online publication date: 1-Mar-2014.
CrossRef
, , , , , and . (2014) Evaluation of the penetration ability and antimicrobial efficacy of Listerine<sup>® </sup>Natural Care against <i>Streptococcus mutans</i> biofilms. Nihon Shishubyo Gakkai Kaishi (Journal of the Japanese Society of Periodontology) 56:3, 291-301.
Online publication date: 1-Jan-2014.
CrossRef
, , , and . (2014) The effectiveness of a pre-procedural mouthrinse in reducing bacteria on radiographic phosphor plates. Imaging Science in Dentistry 44:2, 149.
Online publication date: 1-Jan-2014.
CrossRef
, , , and . (2013) The plaque- and gingivitis-inhibiting capacity of a commercially available essential oil product. A parallel, split-mouth, single blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical study. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 71:6, 1613-1619.
Online publication date: 3-May-2013.
CrossRef
, , , and . (2013) Evaluation of chlorhexidine 0.05% with the adjunct of fluoride 0.05% in the inhibition of plaque formation: a double blind, crossover, plaque regrowth study. International Journal of Dental Hygiene 11:3, 186-190.
Online publication date: 26-Nov-2012.
CrossRef
, , , and . (2013) Natural compounds containing mouthrinses in the management of dental plaque and gingivitis: a systematic review. Clinical Oral Investigations.
Online publication date: 17-Jul-2013.
CrossRef
, and . 2013. Topical herbal interventions for gingivitis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.
CrossRef
. (2013) Periodontal self-care: evidence-based support. Periodontology 2000 62:1, 243-255.
Online publication date: 11-Apr-2013.
CrossRef
, , , , , , and . (2013) Short-term microbiological effects of scaling and root planing and essential-oils mouthwash in Chinese adults. Journal of Zhejiang University SCIENCE B 14:5, 416-425.
Online publication date: 7-May-2013.
CrossRef
, and . (2013) Effectiveness and Safety of a Mouthwash Containing Essential Oil Ingredients. Phytotherapy Research 27:5, 685-691.
Online publication date: 4-Jul-2012.
CrossRef
, , , , , and . (2013) Biofilm formation on stainless steel and gold wires for bonded retainers in vitro and in vivo and their susceptibility to oral antimicrobials. Clinical Oral Investigations 17:4, 1209-1218.
Online publication date: 2-Aug-2012.
CrossRef
. 2013. Mechanical Plaque Removal. Comprehensive Preventive Dentistry, 119-145.
CrossRef
, , , , and . (2013) A double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study on the clinical and microbial effects of an essential oil mouth rinse used by patients in supportive periodontal care. International Journal of Dental Hygiene 11:1, 53-61.
Online publication date: 23-Sep-2012.
CrossRef
. (2013) Nihon Shishubyo Gakkai Kaishi (Journal of the Japanese Society of Periodontology) 55:1, 3.
CrossRef
, , , , and . (2013) A preliminary comparison of the effect of 0.3% versus 0.2% chlorhexidine mouth rinse on de novo plaque formation: a monocentre randomized double-blind crossover trial. International Journal of Dental Hygiene 11:3, 198.
CrossRef
, and . (2013) Effect of essential oils containing and alcohol-free chlorhexidine mouthrinses on cariogenic micro-organisms in human saliva. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 71:3-4, 883-891.
Online publication date: 22-Oct-2012.
CrossRef
, , , , and . (2013) Microbiological Effect of Essential Oils in Combination with Subgingival Ultrasonic Instrumentation and Mouth Rinsing in Chronic Periodontitis Patients. International Journal of Dentistry 2013, 1-7.
Online publication date: 1-Jan-2013.
CrossRef
, , and . (2013) The antimicrobial activity of alpha-bisabolol and tea tree oil against Solobacterium moorei, a Gram-positive bacterium associated with halitosis. Archives of Oral Biology 58:1, 10-16.
Online publication date: 1-Jan-2013.
CrossRef
, , , , and . (2012) The effects of natural compounds-containing mouthrinses on patients with fixed orthodontic appliance treatment: clinical and microbiological outcomes. International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry, n/a-n/a.
Online publication date: 28-Dec-2012.
CrossRef
, , and . (2012) Determination of a comfortable volume of mouthwash for rinsing. International Journal of Dental Hygiene 10:3, 169-174.
Online publication date: 14-Sep-2015.
CrossRef
. (2012) Regular Use of Antimicrobial Mouthrinses Can Effectively Augment the Benefits of Oral Prophylaxis and Oral Hygiene Instructions at 6-Month Recall Intervals in Reducing the Occurrence of Dental Plaque and Gingivitis. Journal of Evidence Based Dental Practice 12:2, 87-89.
Online publication date: 1-Jun-2012.
CrossRef
, , , , , , and . (2012) A randomised crossover trial to compare the potential of stannous fluoride and essential oil mouth rinses to induce tooth and tongue staining. Clinical Oral Investigations 16:3, 821-826.
Online publication date: 26-May-2011.
CrossRef
, and . (2012) Role of Dentifrices With Essential Oil Formulations in Periodontal Healing. The American Journal of the Medical Sciences 343:5, 411-417.
Online publication date: 1-May-2012.
CrossRef
, , and . (2012) Historical perspectives on theories of periodontal disease etiology. Periodontology 2000 58:1, 153-160.
Online publication date: 1-Dec-2011.
CrossRef
and . (2012) An in vitro comparison of dentifrice formulations in three distinct oral microbiotas. Archives of Oral Biology 57:2, 139-147.
Online publication date: 1-Feb-2012.
CrossRef
and . (2012) Implications of oral biofilms in medically at risk persons. Journal of Biomedical Research 26:1, 1-7.
Online publication date: 1-Jan-2012.
CrossRef
and . (2011) Clinical evaluation of chlorhexidine and essential oils for adjunctive effects in ultrasonic instrumentation of furcation involvements: a randomized controlled clinical trial. International Journal of Dental Hygiene, no-no.
Online publication date: 24-Dec-2011.
CrossRef
and . (2011) Extent and quality of systematic review evidence related to minimum intervention in dentistry: essential oils, powered toothbrushes, triclosan, xylitol. International Dental Journal 61:4, 179-192.
Online publication date: 18-Aug-2011.
CrossRef
, , , , , , and . (2011) Subgingival ultrasonic instrumentation of residual pockets irrigated with essential oils: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, no-no.
Online publication date: 30-Mar-2011.
CrossRef
, and . (2011) Essential Oils Compared to Chlorhexidine With Respect to Plaque and Parameters of Gingival Inflammation: A Systematic Review. Journal of Periodontology 82:2, 174-194.
Online publication date: 1-Feb-2011.
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (600 KB) | PDF Plus (641 KB) 
, , and . (2011) The effects of hydrogen peroxide mouthwashes on the prevention of plaque and gingival inflammation: a systematic review. International Journal of Dental Hygiene 36, no-no.
Online publication date: 31-Jan-2011.
CrossRef
and . (2011) Traditional therapies in the management of periodontal disease in India and China : Traditional therapies and periodontal disease. Periodontology 2000 56:1, 14.
CrossRef
, , , , and . (2010) Effects of Irrigation With an Antiseptic and Oral Administration of Azithromycin on Bacteremia Caused by Scaling and Root Planing. Journal of Periodontology 81:11, 1555-1563.
Online publication date: 2-Nov-2010.
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (712 KB) | PDF Plus (601 KB) 
. (2010) Controlling the oral biofilm with antimicrobials. Journal of Dentistry 38, S11-S15.
Online publication date: 1-Jun-2010.
CrossRef
, , and . (2010) Effect of mouthrinses on Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans biofilms in a hydrodynamic model. Clinical Oral Investigations 14:3, 241-250.
Online publication date: 22-May-2009.
CrossRef
. (2010) Clinical efficacy of antimicrobial mouthrinses. Journal of Dentistry 38, S6-S10.
Online publication date: 1-Jun-2010.
CrossRef
, , and . (2010) Effects of mouthrinses containing essential oils and alcohol-free chlorhexidine on human plaque acidogenicity. Clinical Oral Investigations 14:1, 107-112.
Online publication date: 29-Apr-2009.
CrossRef
and . (2009) Prevention and therapeutic approaches to gingival inflammation. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 36, 20-26.
Online publication date: 1-Jul-2009.
CrossRef
, , and . (2008) The effect of cetylpyridinium chloride-containing mouth rinses as adjuncts to toothbrushing on plaque and parameters of gingival inflammation: a systematic review. International Journal of Dental Hygiene 6:4, 290-303.
Online publication date: 1-Nov-2008.
CrossRef
. (2008) Home-use oral hygiene products: mouthrinses. Periodontology 2000 48:1, 42-53.
Online publication date: 1-Oct-2008.
CrossRef
Full Text PDF (3382 KB) PDF Plus (406 KB)
 

Previous Article | Next Article
View/Print PDF (3382 KB)
View PDF Plus (406 KB)
Add to favorites
Email to a friend
TOC Alert | Citation Alert

Quick Search
for
Authors:
Judith E. Stoeken
Spiros Paraskevas
Godefridus A. van der Weijden
Keywords:
Essential oils
gingivitis
mouthrinse
plaque
systematic review

© 2016    American Academy of Periodontology. All rights reserved.
Disclaimers apply | Privacy commitment | Contact AAP
Technology Partner - Atypon Systems, Inc.